The Thresholds and Management of Irrigation and Fertilization Earning Yields and Water Use Efficiency in Maize, Wheat, and Rice in China: A Meta-Analysis (1990–2020)

The increases in crop yield China are linked to massive fertilizer and water input, which have also accelerated the degradation of soil environmental pollution. Nevertheless, long-term changes use efficiency (WUE) three major cereals (maize, wheat rice) response field management practices rarely reported. This meta-analysis evaluated effect (nitrogen input (N), irrigation, type, fertilization frequency, irrigation method) on WUE between 1990 2020 based 3152 observations. We found that N thresholds for maize, wheat, rice were 150–200 kg ha?1, 140–210 90–135 respectively. within threshold levels increased maize (84% 74%), (47% 41%), (55% 30%). (mm) 180–240 mm 300–400 by 37% 13% 84% 41% wheat. Agricultural (% %) through drip (23 13 maize; 31 14 wheat), alternate wetting drying (AWD) (26 30 rice), split (31 21 64 40 wheat; 33 25 organic–inorganic (43 39 68 66 38 34 rice). With increase HI (humidity index) from 10 30, contribution decreased, but increased. study concludes applications along with suitable is a win–win strategy achieve climate-smart agricultural production minimum damages environment at lower dependence irrigation.